OK - one more post in response to Susan. Yes, as was pointed out by others, some scientists (like all groups of people) do lie. So do some real estate agents, but I think you're safe with Tom :wink: ! In fact there was a recent Seattle Times front page story about a former UW faculty member who literally "created" data with Photoshop. That guy was in the office right next to my current office so I am fairly familiar with the story. So, I'm not naive about dishonesty in science. I've seen it first hand on more than one occasion. However, there are several things to point out:
1) While some scientists do lie, most (like any other group of people) do not. So for science in general to be painted with the large negative brush strokes above is not fair. I've known a few shady real estate agents too but I wouldn't think of impugning Tom and all of his colleagues with stuff such as was said by others about scientists. That's not naivety about the possibility of dishonest real estate agents, but rather a realization that most are good people.
2) While some scientists may lie, the data itself does not. Publications require that you not only show your data but describe how it was produced. If the conclusions are important, the work will be tested or replicated by others. If the work cannot be reproduced, it won't hold up. As they said on the X-files, "the truth is out there" and ultimately is will come out.
3) The peer review system (while certainly not perfect) does a pretty good job at ratting out bad work and/or dishonest scientists. The guy I refer to above (the front page Seattle Times story a few weeks ago) was discovered to be faking data by a reviewer of his manuscript. Ultimately this was referred to the NIH who did a very thorough investigation. He'll never get an NIH grant or work in academia again. So, this is but one example of the peer review system working.
While I may be going out on a limb here AND I completely admit that I have no data to prove this, I actually believe that on average, scientists are a slightly more honest group than most. I would claim that the nature of science - e.g. constantly questioning data, constantly questioning each other, constantly questioning oneself and holding beliefs no more tightly than the data allows, tends to select for people who are, on average, pretty honest people.
1) While some scientists do lie, most (like any other group of people) do not. So for science in general to be painted with the large negative brush strokes above is not fair. I've known a few shady real estate agents too but I wouldn't think of impugning Tom and all of his colleagues with stuff such as was said by others about scientists. That's not naivety about the possibility of dishonest real estate agents, but rather a realization that most are good people.
2) While some scientists may lie, the data itself does not. Publications require that you not only show your data but describe how it was produced. If the conclusions are important, the work will be tested or replicated by others. If the work cannot be reproduced, it won't hold up. As they said on the X-files, "the truth is out there" and ultimately is will come out.
3) The peer review system (while certainly not perfect) does a pretty good job at ratting out bad work and/or dishonest scientists. The guy I refer to above (the front page Seattle Times story a few weeks ago) was discovered to be faking data by a reviewer of his manuscript. Ultimately this was referred to the NIH who did a very thorough investigation. He'll never get an NIH grant or work in academia again. So, this is but one example of the peer review system working.
While I may be going out on a limb here AND I completely admit that I have no data to prove this, I actually believe that on average, scientists are a slightly more honest group than most. I would claim that the nature of science - e.g. constantly questioning data, constantly questioning each other, constantly questioning oneself and holding beliefs no more tightly than the data allows, tends to select for people who are, on average, pretty honest people.