Even if you did short the battery (or any other circuit for that matter), you are unlikely to have caused damage since nearly all circuits are fused. As long as the fuse amperage rating is proper for that circuit's wire gauge, the only thing that should have occurred is a blown fuse. Indeed, in a 100% short situation like yours, even if the fuse amperage rating was too high for the wire, whatever sized fuse (within reason) should have blown long before the "too small" wire could have heated up.
Besides, if you connected the positive wire (fused and normally red) to the negative battery terminal, nothing would have happened.....just as ghone says.
The stove problem may be nothing more than a blown fuse.