I come from sailing and never carried a spare prop then. But that's because there were sails. Now there are no sails, so I feel as thought I want more backups in the engine department. Part of that is carrying a spare prop.
Another thing is that on the sailboats I've taken out of sight of land, the prop has been fairly protected (behind keel, etc.). Not so on our C-Dorys.
But there is another reason. Altitude. If I used my normal sea-level prop on Lake Powell (which is at around 4,000'), I would not be able to make the correct range of WOT (wide-open throttle) RPM, as specified in the engine manual (typically 5,000 to 6,000 RPM, but not always). So I have a "Powell prop." Hence when I'm on Powell the sea-level prop is my spare, and when at sea level, the Powell prop is the spare. If I went on a long sea level trip (Great Loop, for example), I'd carry a spare sea-level prop.
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Side discussion, please just ignore if you already know all this. And although I get the concept, it's possible I will use technically wrong words to explain it.
At any rate, the way boats keep from "lugging" (running too fast at too low of an RPM) is by having the correct prop -- since we can't shift up through the gears like you can in a car. The way you know you have things set so they are not lugging at any speed is by selecting a prop that will get you within the specified RPM range at WOT (wide open throttle). The range is in the engine manual, but on many of our outboards it's 5,000-6,000 RPM. Better to be in the upper half of the range.
Even if you never actually boat at WOT (most of us don't), you still have to be able to pass that "test" of RPMs attained at WOT, or else you'll actually be lugging the engine at all speeds, not just at WOT. I mention that as I've heard people say "oh, but I won't be lugging because I don't cruise at WOT." But that's not accurate.
The way you change the RPM figure you can make at WOT is to change or adjust the prop. The right one will make, say, 5,600 RPM at WOT. Then you know you are good. Altitude reduces it. So for example if I run my "normal" prop at sea level and make 5,600 RPM at WOT, that same prop might only make me 4,700 on Lake Powell at 4,000'. So I have a different prop that will make something like 5,300 RPM at WOT on Powell. That's a hair closer to the lower end of the acceptable range than I would like, ideally, but it's okay.
BTW this is not just for outboards. Where I used to work we made many "out and back" runs to check WOT on larger boats with inboards. Not as easy/cheap to change a prop on those, but still important for the engines to make rated RPM at WOT. The out and back is to even out any current/wind/etc.
Loading may also affect things, so good to have something like your average typical load when making your WOT testing runs.
SB